Thursday 25 November 2010

Genres

Genre is the word used to describe a particular type of film. In film there are a huge variety of genres which cover pretty much every film ever made.
Here are most of the more popular and common film genres :

Action - A film genre where one or more heroes is thrust into a series of challenges that require physical feats, extended fights and frenetic chases. Story and character development are generally secondary to explosions, fist fights, gunplay and car chases.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film


Adventure - Adventure Films are exciting stories, with new experiences or exotic locales. Adventure films are very similar to the action film genre, in that they are designed to provide an action-filled, energetic experience for the film viewer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film


Comedy - Film in which the main emphasis is on humor. Also, films in this style typically have a happy ending. One of the oldest genres in film, some of the very first silent movies were comedies. Comedy, unlike other film genres, puts much more focus on individual stars, with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity. While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse, others contain political or social commentary (such as Wag the dog and Man of the year).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film


Crime - Films which focus on the lives of criminals. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, to the far-fetched evil doings of imaginary arch-villains. Criminal acts are almost always glorified in these movies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film

Documentary - A broad category of moving pictures intended to document  some aspect of reality. A "documentary film" was originally a movie shot on film stock — the only medium available — but now includes video and digital productions that can be either direct-to-video or made for a television programme. "Documentary" has been described as a "filmmaking practice, a cinematic tradition, and mode of audience reception" that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film


Drama - A film genre that depends mostly on in-depth development of realistic characters dealing with emotional themes. Dramatic themes such as alcoholism, drug addiction, racial prejudice, religious intolerance, poverty, crime and corruption put the characters in conflict with themselves, others, society and even natural phenomena.
This film genre can be contrasted with an action film, which relies on fast-paced action and physical conflict, but superficial character development. All film genres can include dramatic elements, but typically, films considered drama films focus mainly on the drama of the main issue.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film


Family - A film genre that is designed to appeal to a variety of age groups and, thus, families. To attract these diverse audiences, film makers often create works that operate simultaneously on several levels of appeal. Comic songs might appeal to younger children, for example, while wittier jokes and pop culture references attract adults.
Family films generally do not contain content that would be deemed unsuitable for children. In the United States, such films are usually conceived so as to guarantee nothing greater than a G or PG rating.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_film

Fantasy - Films with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, make-believe creatures, or exotic fantasy worlds. The genre is considered to be distinct from science fiction film and horror film, although the genres do overlap.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film

Horror - Horror films are unsettling movies that strive to elicit the emotions of fear,disgust and horror from viewers. They often feature scenes that startle the viewer through the means of macabre and the supernatural, thus frequently overlapping with the fantasy and science fiction genres. Horrors also frequently overlap with the thriller genre.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/horror_film


Musical - The musical film is a film genre in which several songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative. The songs are used to advance the plot or develop the film's characters, but some musical films (e.g. Down Argentine Way) simply plop the songs in as unrelated "specialties" (also called "production numbers") - as with Carmen Miranda's numbers. A subgenre of the musical film is the musical comedy, which includes a strong element of humor as well as the usual music, dancing and story line.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/musical_film


Mystery - Mystery film is a sub-genre of the more general category of crime film. It focuses on the efforts of the detective, private investigator or amateur sleuth to solve the mysterious circumstances of a crime by means of clues, investigation, and clever deduction.



The successful mystery film adheres to one of two story types, known as Open and Closed. The Closed (or whodunit) mystery conceals the identity of the perpetrator until late in the story, adding an element of suspense during the apprehension of the suspect, as the audience is never quite sure who it is. The Open mystery, in contrast, reveals the identity of the perpetrator at the top of the story, showcasing the "perfect crime" which the audience then watches the protagonist unravel, usually at the very end of the story, akin to the unveiling scenes in the Closed style.

Romance - While most films have some aspect of romance between characters (at least as a subplot) a romance film can be loosely defined as any film in which the central plot (the premise of the story) revolves around the romantic involvement of the story's protagonists. Common themes include the characters making decisions based on a newly-found romantic attraction. The questions, "What am I living for?" or "Why am I with my current partner?" often arise.



The appeal of these films is in the dramatic reality of the emotions expressed by the characters. The following is a list of recent romantic films. The most successful romantic film is the 1997 blockbuster, Titanic which grossed over $600 million in America and $1.8 billion, worldwide.

Science fiction - While most films have some aspect of romance between characters (at least as a subplot) a romance film can be loosely defined as any film in which the central plot (the premise of the story) revolves around the romantic involvement of the story's protagonists. Common themes include the characters making decisions based on a newly-found romantic attraction. The questions, "What am I living for?" or "Why am I with my current partner?" often arise.



The appeal of these films is in the dramatic reality of the emotions expressed by the characters. The following is a list of recent romantic films. The most successful romantic film is the 1997 blockbuster, Titanic which grossed over $600 million in America and $1.8 billion, worldwide.

Sport - Sports movies have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties. Men often identify with sports films in ways they wouldn't with other genres.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sports_film


Thriller - Thriller is a genre of literature, film, and television that uses suspense, tension, and excitement as the main elements. The primary subgenres are mystery,crime, and psychological thrillers. After the assassination of President Kennedy,political thriller and paranoid thriller films became very popular. The brightest examples of thrillers are the Hitchcock’s movies. The cover-up of important information from the viewer and fight/chase scenes are common methods in all of the thriller subgenres, although each subgenre has its own characteristics and methods.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/thriller_film


War - War films are a film genre concerned with warfare, usually about naval, air or land battles, sometimes focusing instead on prisoners of war, covert operations, military training or other related subjects. At times war films focus on daily military or civilian life in wartime without depicting battles. Their stories may be fiction, based on history, docudrama, biographical, or even alternate history fiction.



The term anti-war film is sometimes used to describe films which bring to the viewer the pain and horror of war, often from a political or ideological perspective.

Western - The Western is a genre of art that may be found in film, television, radio, literature, painting and other visual arts. Westerns are devoted to telling stories set primarily in the latter half of the 19th century in the American Old West. Some Westerns are set as early as the Battle of the Alamo in 1836 but most are set between the end of the American Civil War (1865) and the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890. There are also a number of films about Western-type characters in contemporary settings, such as Junior Bonner set in the 1970s and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada in the 21st century.





Westerns often portray how primitive and obsolete ways of life confronted modern technological or social changes. This may be depicted by showing conflict between natives and settlers or U.S. Cavalry or between cattle ranchers and farmers ("sodbusters"), or by showing ranchers being threatened by the onset of the Industrial Revolution.

Film magazines

There are quite a few film magazines out now that regularly have new issues and reviews for the newest films.

Empire :     http://www.empireonline.com/


This is probably the most well known film magazine in Britain. It covers a huge amount of new film releases with reviews both in the magazine itself and on the website. It is consistently the best selling film magazine in Britain always outselling its nearest rival Total film.
Like most British magazines Empire is populist in its coverage and approach. It will review art films as well as mainstream things but of course mainly features and focuses on the blockbusters as they will often attract a larger reader audience.

Here is a nice article from Wikipedia which gives a good overview of the magazine and what it includes:


As well as film news, previews and reviews, Empire has some unique regular features. Each issue (with the exception of issues 108 - 113) features a Classic Scene, a transcript from a notable film scene. The first such classic scene to be featured was the "I could have been a contender" scene from On the Waterfront.
The regular Top 10 feature lists Empire's choice of the top ten examples of something film-related. For example 10 Best Chase Scenes or 10 Best Movie Gags in The Simpsons. Readers are encouraged to write in if they disagree with the choices made.
The At Home section covers DVD news and releases; Empire's editors consider this section to be of sufficient quality to term it a magazine in itself, which is also relevant to the growth and importance of the DVD market, where sales can often outstrip that of box-office.
Pint of Milk presents celebrities' answers to silly or unusual questions, including the question "How much is a pint of milk?" This is intended as a guide to the Chosen Celebrity's contact with reality, and as such can be more informative than a direct interview, often reporting some surprising responses.
Each magazine includes a "Spine Quote", in which a relatively challenging quote is printed on the spine of the magazine. There are usually some obvious and obscure links from the quote to the main features of that month's edition. Readers are invited to identify the film source and the links to win a prize.
Kim Newman's DVD Dungeon is a regular feature in the At Home section, in which critic Kim Newman reviews the most obscure releases, mostly low budget horror movies.
Celebrity Mastermind is another regular in which a celebrity is given questions about the films they were in or they directed. Celebrities range from Quentin Tarantino and Christopher Lee (who are at the top of the scoreboard) to John Carpenter and Michael Keaton (who are at the bottom of the scoreboard).

Total Film : http://totalfilm.com

Total film is a British magazine first published in 1997 and it releases a new issue every four weeks.
It offers news, reviews and features on the latest film releases, DVDs and Blu-rays. It is one of the largest English circulating film magazines in the world as well as also running a thriving website which has constant updates, news and reviews.

Here is the description from Wikipedia describing the features of the magazine and the key sections it includes :



Each month, TF provides a range of features, from full-length interviews and photo shoots with established and up-and-coming actors and directors, to major film previews and retrospective pieces. All issues contain the Total Film Interview — an in-depth chat with a celebrated actor or director, along with a critique of their body of work; the Abridged Script - a one-page parody of a recent release and Total Film loves..., a one-page celebration of a film, a scene or a performance.


Dialogue 
The section where readers can interact with the magazine, this contains readers' letters, emails and feedback from the magazine's social media followers (Total films Forum, Facebook and Twitter). Each month, Total Film offers a DVD for each published missive. Regular features within Dialogue include Office Spaced where snippets of conversation from the Total Film office are shared,Still Out, Still Good - a pick of the movies that are already out and Listen up, Hollywood! where Total Film readers declare what they want from specific future releases.
Buzz 
The news section, providing details on upcoming films, includes first look photos, on-set visits and exclusive "sneak peeks". Regular Buzz features include: Ever met Tom Cruise? where a behind the scenes person is interviewed, eg a stuntwoman or a casting director; The 100 Club where stars with over a 100 film credits to their name are interviewed; Red Light, Green Light for what's stopping and what's starting in movieland and Movie Stock for who's up and who's not.
Agenda 
Billed as being for the sharper movie fan, this section often previews more eclectic and less mainstream releases and players. Richard Ayoade from The IT Crowd writes a column for Agenda.
Screen 
The main cinema reviews section, with every new movie for that month reviewed and rated. Major releases receive comprehensive coverage, with a star rating out of five, the magazine's own Predicted Interest Curve — a graph that demonstrates which moments of a film are likely to hold the viewer's attention and a short Verdict. Also briefly listed are similar recommendations under See this if you liked... Smaller films receive a concise review and rating. The end of the section is devoted to the current U.S. and UK box office charts, an irreverent flashback to an old issue and summaries of any films that were not shown to journalists in time for that month's print deadline.
Lounge 
Total Films home entertainment guide, including reviews of the latest DVDs and Blu-rays, as well as Games, CD Soundtracks and movie-related books. There is also a regular Lounge feature called Is it just me? where a Total Film writer gets to rant about a particular (often controversial) film-related point of view, as well as other large-scale features that are DVD or Blu-ray-related.
The Total Film Quiz 
A two-page section which includes the following rounds: Now And Then, Spot The Difference, Missing Link, Crossword and Status Seeking. Answers are readable with a mirror. Additionally, Total Film features a Monthly Competition, which can be entered by post, text message or online. Prizes are usually hardware or a film-related activity/experience.



These are probably the two most well known film magazines in Britain. While it would be ideal to have my short film marketed in one of these I highly doubt they would as they tend to cover large blockbuster releases as they are what attract the majority of the readers. How ever i was surprised to learn that both of  the magazines did have a section dedicated to more obscure less mainstream audiences with Empire having "Kim Newman's DVD dungeon" and Total Film having "Agenda". If my short film did get marketed in one of these magazines I would assume it would be in one of these sections.

After researching in to these two massive film magazines I think I would probably have to look towards a more localized less well known magazine to be realistic on where it would be reviewed.

Trends and conventions of magazine reviews

After looking at a fair amount of film reviews for magazines from Empire  and Total film I have noticed a trend in the layouts and the things the reviews include.

Some things usually included are :

A huge picture taking up most of the page. The picture is usually from a iconic moment during the film to attract a reader to look at the article.


There quite often may be a second picture as well as the huge main one. This second one will often advertise a character or actor in the film.


The title of the film will usually be very clear and obvious. It will also stand out usually to grab the readers attention.


Often there will be a tag line for the film near the title. This is usually to give the reader an idea of what the film is about.


The genre will usually be implied by the pictures shown.


There will usually be a rating of the film from the magazine. This is normally out of 5 stars.


The review tends include details about the certification the actors, directors and the release date of the film.


The main body of text in the article will usually give a brief overview of the film while showing a critical perspective of the plot and other aspects of it.


There will often be a quote from the main part of the article which is highlighted and made far larger to stand out. 




After looking at all these trends I have began to plan what would should probably be included in my article. I will need a large picture of a fairly iconic part of the film or one that shows what the film is about and gives a hint to the genre. I could also use a second picture to possibly introduce a character but it is not quite as important or necessary as many other aspects of the review. I will need the title of my film to stand out fairly clearly and attract a reader. The review should include a rating of it and the certification. I would like to include a nice eye grabbing tag line but I don't feel it will be one hundred percent necessary. The article itself will have to include a overview of the film and its plot. It may be a challenge to be very critical of the film since I will also have made it and be biased in my opinions.

This is just a general overview of what i currently plan to include in the magazine review based off of some initial research from reviews in some film magazines.

Thursday 18 November 2010

Poster examples

Here are some examples of film posters and how they fit to conventions to attract an audience :


This poster is for the film Inception released in 2010. It fits in with many of the main conventions of a film poster.
- Its title is in a easy to see place and is clearly readable
- It lists the main actor as a selling point in big clear letters at the top of the page.
- It has a very engaging picture which stands out and attracts an audience. The picture also takes up almost the whole page.
- It is very eye-catching and captivating to make it stand out.
- It gives the sense that it will be a thriller with the picture.
- It has a mysterious feel to it with the picture and the tagline to possibly aim it at a more intellectual audience who want to challenged.
- It has a tagline that is relevant to the film "your mind is the scene of the crime".
- It shows who the director is and the production companies associated with the production.
- It references to a website where you can find out more about the film.




This poster is for the film Planet Terror released in 2007.
- The title stands out clearly and easily noticeable.
- There is a picture that takes up almost the whole poster and stands out clearly to grab attention.
- It suggests that the film genre is action/horror.
- There is a very noticeable tagline that is relevant to the film.
- It has a certificate of 18 in the corner of the picture.
- The picture seems to be aimed at a specific audience with how graphic it is.
- It advertises who directed it and who produced it.
- The picture is very eye catching to draw in an audience.
- It also advertises a website where you can go for more information on the film if the advert interested you.

Images obtained from http://www.empireonline.com/

Both of these films fit to almost all of the conventions I listed for a film poster. One notable exception to this was the release date was not present. I think this may be because the posters I found where post-release of the films and as such the release date was most likely removed from the posters.

Film poster conventions

Before i can begin to properly plan my own film poster I first need to do some research on what they include and how they captive an audience to sell there product to them.

Here are some of the conventions of film posters I was able to find :

- To be eye-catching /captivating.


- To have a focal picture that will be intriguing.


- To display a large title that is easily read.


- Suggests the genre of the film.


- Can use famous actors to promote the film.


- Usually aimed at a target audience to attract them.


- A tagline is often present in the poster.


- "Coming Soon" or a release date is usually displayed.


- Age certification is normally displayed.

- The directors and the production company are shown.

Here is a nice website where I found alot of this information it also included information about many other ways of advertising: http://www.slideshare.net/guest78c406/codes-and-conventions-of-promotional-film-material-2668179.

The Subsidiary Tasks

As part of the Short film option there are also two subsidiary tasks I have to do. The three options are :

A poster for the film.
A radio trailer for the film.

A film magazine review page featuring the film.

For the short film task they are all aimed at advertising the film itself which will require a fair amount of research in to advertising practices and techniques.

After some deliberation the two options I have chosen to do are the film poster and a magazine review of the film. I have chosen these two options as they are advertising methods I am fairly familiar with and I feel I could accomplish a far better advertisement for the film with these options than I could with the radio trailer which i have far less knowledge of and minimal experience with.

Conventions of a short film

After searching it seems there are very few conventions for short films. The only one i could find regularly was that they have to be short but even the maximum length seems to be undecided for someone to class a film as "short". the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences classify it as 40 minutes, while the Internet Movie Database refers to any film lasting less than 45 minutes as a short subject.

Different countries and cultures also have different views on the length of a short film. the North American definition generally refers to films between 20 and 40 minutes, the definition refers to much shorter films in Europe, Latin America and Australia. In New Zealand, for instance, the description can be used to describe any film that has a duration longer than one minute and shorter than 15 minutes.

For a far more indepth explanation of short films check : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film

While the actual length a short film can be seems to be undecided my film has a much more defined specification. The mark scheme specifically states that it will have to be around 5 minutes long. Being given specific length for the film will be a benefit to me as it allows me to confine my ideas for the film more specifically and gives me a very reasonable target to aim for with the film plots I come up with.